How do you make a missile engine? Long range cruise missiles play a major role in the Russian war in Ukraine. They serve as a means of nuclear blackmail, of conventional strikes and of terror against the civilian infrastructure Let's revise what one needs to produce them

The Rostec-associated "ODK Saturn" makes engines for all the longest range cruise missiles in Russia including Kh-101, Kh-555 and the Kalibr family. This is one of the most strategically important and technologically advanced weaponry producers in Russia

Despite being a secretive military producer, Saturn produces lots of informative documentation. And much of it is available online. Consider their "Technological policy" (2017) It has a *full list of manufacturing equipment* mentioned in their internal technical documentation

1. Various tooling (conductors, faceplates, adapters, chucks, mandrels, etc) - Satiz (including repair & customisation) - Schunk, Eroglu,Mapal, Walter, Lang - Iscar - Sandvik, Seco -D'Andrea

2. Special tooling (zero point clamping systems) -Schunk -Erowa, 3R System - Satiz

3. Special tooling for stamping, welding, soldering, spraying, casting -Satiz (including repair & customisation) -Walter Schnorrer -Karat

4. Cutting instruments (endmills, etc) -NIR (including sharpening & repair), Satiz (including sharpening),Virial,Skif-M,BZS -Iscar -Sandvik, Seco -Walter,Guhring,Botek -Mitsubishi, Sumitomo -Korloy -ZCC-CT

5. Tooling and instruments for spark-erosion processes -Satiz (including repair & customisation),Abamet,SodikoM,Meatek

6. Tooling and instruments for electrochemical processes -Satiz (including repair & customisation)

7. Grinding and abrasive tooling -Satiz (including repair & customisation) -Guhring

8. Grinding and abrasive tooling -Vaz,Laz,Pazi,Kaz,Volgashlif Plus -Pferd -Satiz -Rosler -Remiz-99 -Baz -3M -SIA -Wendt

9. Metal broaching tooling and instruments -Satiz -Hoffman -Seco

10. Laser cutting tooling -Satiz

11. Plasma spraying -OERLICON METCO -Satiz

12. LMD tooling -IPG

13. Hydroabrasive cutting tooling -Satiz

14. Gear shaping tooling -Satiz (including repair & customisation)

15. Gear shaping instrument -Satiz (including sharpening) -Gleason

16. Specialized tooling for gear shaping and slot milling -Satiz

17. Specialized instrument for gear shaping and slot milling -Wendt -Satiz (including restoration) -Rosslavl -Winterthur -Vaz,Pazi -Saazor

18. Specialized measuring instrument -Satiz (including repair & customisation)

19. Standardised measuring instrument -Mahr -Mitutoyo - Links -Silvac -Hofman

20. Metalwork and assembly tooling -Stahlwille,Gedore -Вahco -Satiz (including repair & customisation) -Nir (including repair & customisation)

21. Tooling for turbine production and assembly -Satiz (including repair & customisation)

22. Pressing dies for polymer composite materials -Compose S.A.S -Tupolev KNITU -Satiz (including repair & customisation)

23. Specialised tooling for the polymer composite materials pressing dies -Walter + Bai AG -Satiz (including repair & customisation)

What do we see here? A. Russian enterprises play a major supportive "workshop" role repairing and customising the tooling. They also produce a range of ad hoc tooling for the military industry, based on the Western manufacturing equipment They must be sanctioned

B. Critical tooling supplies come from the Western Europe, especially and to a lesser degree from the developed East Asia

C. The almost complete absence of Chinese tooling. There are only two Chinese brands in the list